Have a look at these websites.
Information regarding Icefields Parkway (Bow Lake, Peyto Lake, Columbia Icefield)
http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/ab/jasper/visit/visit14_E.asp
Brewsters information (Columbia Icefield, Sulphur Mountain)
http://www.explorerockies.com/
I recommend 4 days at a bare minimum during the winter time. The daylight is shorter, and road conditions are treacherous. You should plan for extra time to arrive at each location. On a summer time trip, you can manage for 3 days.
Spend sometime around Banff area, then visit Moraine Lake, and Lake Louise, then drive up highway 93 (Icefield Parkway). From Banff to Lake Louise you should travel Highway 1A (old highway) its more scenic.
I would probably plan it as
Day 1: Drive to Banff; don't forget to add 1 hr since you'll be in mountain time zone. There are tons of other stops along the way (or on the way home). Some places such as Natural Bridge and Takakkaw Falls in Yoho National Park
http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/bc/yoho/visit/visit9.aspx
Day 2: Explore Banff Area, and Lake Louise Area
Day 3: Explore Icefield Parkway
Day 4: Return Home
This is just a rough guide, as an example. Don't forget to buy your National Park Passes if your going to stop in a National Park.
Also I believe if you have car that is in good conditions, with snow tires you should be able to make it up there no problem. Carry chains for added security. A FWD vehicle would suffice, as long as you have four good winter tires (mountain and snowflake logo), carry chains, and drive carefully. From all the winter condition driving up there, There are more AWD and 4X4 vehicle ending up in ditches. It's not the snow that is an issue, rather the ice. All cars stop the same, and handle the same on ice, regardless of what drivetrain you have.